(: Invitation (Written) :)

INVITATIONS

Most spore invitation are in the farm of question they often begin with will,would,would you like to,would you care to,etc

Offerins invitation

->Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?

->Will you join us?

->Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?

->Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?

->I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?

Accepting invitation

->Yes,I’d love very much.

->Thank you.

->Yes,with pleasure.

Reffusing

->If you don’t mind,i’d rather not.

->Thank you,i’m busy,may be next time.

->I have got another appointment.

->I’m sorry.

->I’ve lost to work to do.

EXAMPLE :

Invitation Verbal

Example:

We want to invite you to come to our house

Can you come to my restaurant?

Are you free tonight?

Accepting (menerima)

I like that

That sounds good

Thank you for inviting

Refusing(menolak)

I like that but I can’t

I’m very sorry for not able to come

Sorry, I’m very busy

(: Offering :)

OFFERING

The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Example:
Ratna : Would you like a juice, Brenda?
Brenda : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this juice tastes good
Ratna : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Expression of offering:
Ways to say it
* Would you like a cup of tea, Carol?
* Should I get you a bottle of water?
* Could I offer you a glass of milk, Veronika?
* Would you care some salad?
Offering to friends:
* Want some?
* Have some?
* Chocolate?
* Grab some for yourself
Less formal expressions:
* Would you like to have a pancake?
* Why don't you have some lemonade?
* What can I get for you?
* What will you have?Declining an offering
* No, thanks
.* No, really won't, thanks
* Not for me, thanks.
Accepting an offering:
* Thank you.
* Yes, please
* I'd like it very much
* That would be very nice

(: Descriptive text :)

Descriptive text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph or map so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information . Or to describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .

*Textstructure:

- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.

- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or

Place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or Characteristic.

* Language figures:

a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.

b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.

c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.

d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.

e. The use of material.

f. The use of relation and mental process.

* Characteristic:

a. Use the simple present tense.

b. Using detailed noun phrases to provide information on the subject.

c. Uses relating verbs to provide information on the subject.

d. Use the thinking and feeling verbs to reveal personal views about the subject

author.

e. Use action verbs.

f. Use adverbials to provide additional information.

g. Use figurative language such as simile, metaphor.

* Grammatical features:

- Who? What?

- Using linking verb and simple present tense,

- Epithet: adjective or adjective phrase,

- Attributive (the)

- Use a attributive and identifying process,

- Focus an specific participants,

- Frequent use of epithets and classified in nominal groups

EXAMPLE OF DESCRIPTIVE TEXT :

Bandengan Beach

Bandengan Beach or Tirta Samudra Beach is the famous beach in jepara. the place is very beautiful and romantic. people around Jepara, Kudus, Demak knows this place.

This place is located 7 kilometers north of Jepara city center. The way to get there is very easy. Just follow the traffic sign and you will find it. From the town square, follow the road to Bangsri then turn left when reached kuwasen village. You can take public transportation or by your own vehicle.

The white sandy beach which has pure water is good for swimming. The beach is save enough for swimming because the beach is shallow and the wave is not so big. This place is more beautiful at dusk. We can see the beautiful sunset with our family or friends.

In this location, we can sit and relax on the shelter while enjoy the natural beach breezy wind. It also has large pandan tree field. It is suitable for youngster activities such as camping.

If we want to sail, we can rent the traditional boat owned by local people. We can make voyage around the beach or we can go to pulau panjang (panjang island). Some time we can find banana boat and jet ski for rent.

In this place we can find many traditional footstalls. We can order traditional foods sold by the trader such as roasted fish, crab, boiled shell. Pindang srani is one of the delicious food enjoyed by the visitors.

come to the bandengan beach and you will find a paradise on the tips of Muria peninsula

(: Noun Phrase :)

Definition

The noun phrase is a group of words that ends with a noun. It can contain determiners (the, a, this, etc.), adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. It cannot begin with a preposition. Remember that both subjects and complements are generally noun phrases.

Example:

• My coach is happy.
• I like the cars over there.
• The woman who lives there is my aunt.
• Frankenstein is the name of the scientist not the monster.
• I consider Meong my favorite cat.
• Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.
• To read quickly and accurately is John’s goal.
• Two of my guests have arrived.
• Mr. Jones spoke to Dr. James.
• My friend works with her father.
• Alex is a smart tall white boy.
• It's a beautiful red car.
• Mr. Aldy has just bought an expensive large house.

(: Introductory ‘It’ :)

Introductory "It"

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase:

We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase.

So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure: It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)

• It is easy to learn English. (To learn English is easy.)

• It is easy to find fault with others. (To find fault with others is easy.)

• It is difficult to know his motive. (To know his motive is difficult.)

• It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.

• It is dangerous to play with fire.

• It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

Note:

That when we wish to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning, especially when it is short

(: News Item :)

Definition
News item is factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important. Social function of news item is to informs readers, listeners, or viewers about event of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Generic Structure of News Item:

• Newsworthy event: recount the event in summary form
• Background event: elaborate what happened, to whom, in what, circumstances.
• Sources: comments by participants in witnesses to and authorities expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features:

• Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
• Generally using simple past tense
• Use of material priocesses to retell the event
• Using action verbs
• Using saying verbs
• Focus circumstances
• Use of projecting verbal procccess in sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible:

1. It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
2. The present progressive tense is used,usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out
3. To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive
4. Headlines are not always complete sentences
5. The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of "be"

(: PASSIVE VOICE :)

Passive voice is used:

• when we want to shift the importance

Example:

Ariel gave Luna flowers

Luna was given flowers by Ariel

• when we don't know who did it or it is not important who did it

Example:

The murderer was finally arrested

• to make the information sound more formal

Example:

Action must be taken immediately

To change a sentences from active into passive:

1. The object becomes the subject in the passive voice

2. The tense remains the same tense, but it is moved from the main verb to the verb 'be'

3. The verb is in past participel

Examples:

 Simple Present

ACTIVE (A) : George helps Bella

PASSIVE (P) : Bella is helped by George

 Present Continuous

A : George is helping Bella

P : Bella is being helped by George

 Present Perfect

A : George has helped Bella

P : Bella has been helped by George

Simple Past

A : George helped Bella

P : Bella was helped by George

 Past Continuous

A : George was helping Bella

P : Bella was being helped by George

 Past Perfect

A : George had helped Bella

P : Bella had been helped by George

 Simple Future

A : George will help Bella

P : Bella will be helped by George

 Be going to

A : George is going to help Bella

P : Bella is going to be helped by George

 Future Perfect

A : George will have helped Bella

P : Bella will have been helped by George

(: Direct and indirect :)

Direct Speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact words or saying exactly what someone has said (sometimes called quoted speech).

We use quotation marks (“______________”) and it should be word for word.

For example:

Nicky said, “It’s hot”.

Or

“It’s hot,” Nicky said.

Indirect speech refers to reproducing the idea of another person’s words that doesn’t use quotation marks to enclose what the person said and it doesn’t have to be word for word.

Indirect speech is sometimes called reported speech.

The tense usually changes when reporting speech. This is because we are usually talking about a time in the past and obviously the person who spoke originally spoke in the past.

The verbs therefore usually have to be in the past too.

▪         Note: The reporting verbs that are usually used to report imperative sentences are: Tell, order, command, ask, warn, remind

▪         Don’t forget to mention the indirect object. Father warned me not to drive fast.

 

For example:

Direct speech Indirect speech

Present simple                                                                      Past simple

Vita said, “I eat fried rice.                              Vita said that she ate fried rice.

Past simple                                                                            Past Perfect

Mother said, “I went to market yesterday”.                           Mother said (that) she had gone to market the day before.

Future simple Past Future

Lea said, “I am going to wash my clothes”. Lea said (that) she was going to wash her clothes.

Dave said, “I will buy an I-Pod next week”.  Dave said (that) he would buy an I-Pod the week after.

Present continuous                                                             Past continuous

Gama said, “I am playing football”.                                        Gama said he was playing football.

Past continuous                                                                   Past perfect continuous

She said, “I was teaching earlier.”                                        She said she had been teaching earlier.

▪         When we want to report what someone said, we do not usually repeat their exact words, we use our words. We can use reporting verbs, such as tell, say, ask followed by ‘that-clause’.

Example: My mother said that she got up at 4 o’clock.

▪         When reporting verbs is in the Present, Present Perfect, or Future, there is no change of tense in the words reported.

Example: She will tell you

She says                       (that) she doesn’t know.

She has just said

In time expressions and pronouns

Direct speech	Indirect speech
Now Today/tonight Yesterday Tomorrow Last week Next week Ago	Then That day/that night The day before/the previous day The next/following day The previous week The following week/the week after Before
This/these Here Pronouns	That/those There They change according to the context

Sometimes we need to report someone’s questions. The reported question are introduced with the verb ask, inquire, wonder, want to know, etc.

Type	Form	Examples
Yes-No questions	Ask                    +  if/whether  +  subject  +  verb Wonder etc.	“Do you speak English?” - He wondered if I spoke English.
Wh-questions	Ask                    +  question word + subject +  verb Wonder etc.	“What are you watching?” - She asked what I am watching.

(: Surprise & disbelief :)

Suprise & Disbelief

A feeling that we feel when heard an amazing news which surprised and amazed us an expression  that we show/ say when we know /hear/see something that rather difficult to believe .Used to express something taht we cant or impossible.

To express surprise or disbelief:

• What a surprise! That’s a surprise!
• (Well), that’s very surprising!
• Really?
• What?
• Are you serious? You must be joking!
• You’re kidding!
• Fancy that!
• I must say … surprises me.
• I  find that hard to believe.

Suprising  amazement of something :

• Fantastic
• It’s great
• It’s terrific
• Wonderful !
• What a lovely flowers !

Example of expressing  surprise:

A: How can you say that?

B: Well, that’s the fact.

Example of expressing  surprise:

A: I can’t believe it!

B: That’s true.

When you got a surprising fact, you can say:

¨      Do you know what?

¨      Believe it or not?

¨      You may not believe it, but …

¨      Can you believe this?

You can respond to the surprising fact using these expressions:

¨      Really?

¨      Are you joking?

¨      Oh?

¨      Where? Show me

(: Simple Future :)

• Simple future

Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.

Simple Future Tense used to express occurrence/activity to happened/to be done in the future,do 10 minutes or 1 hour to come ,tomorrow ,the day after tomorrow ,next week,next month ,next year,and so on.

(+) Positive

Pattern :

• S + will/shall + verb1 + O

• S + To be ( am, is, are ) + going to + verb1 + O

Example :

• Students of SMADA will go to Swimming Pool next week

• Students of SMADA are going to go to Swimming Pool next week

(-) Negative

Pattern :

• S + will/shall + not + verb1 + O

• S + Tobe ( am, is, are ) + not + going to + verb1 + O

Example :

• Students of SMADA will not go to swimming pool next week

• Students of SMADA are not going to go to swimming pool next week

(?) Interrogative

Pattern :

• Will + S + verb1 + O + ?

• To be (am, is, are) + S + going to + O + ?

Example :

• Will students of SMADA go to swimming pool next week?

• Are students of SMADA going to go to swimming pool next week?

(: Congratulation :)

Congratulation

Congratulation is an expression that we use the give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something

Kinds of Congratulations are :
- Congratulation
- Congratulations
- Congratulations on your succeeds
- Happy Birthday
- Merry Christmas
- Happy New Your
- Happy Valentine
- Happy Anniversary

A. Giving The Congratulation
- Let me congratulate you
- Good
- That’s great!
- How fortunate
- Pretty Good

B. Replying To The Congratulations
- Thank You
- Thank, I needed that
- That’s very kind of you

C. Surprising
- Oh, it was very interesting! I want to the sea world
- It was fun! Went out with my classmate 

(: Compliment :)

Compliment

Compliment is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliment to butter up somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will, for example :

- On his/her general appearance

- If you notice something new about the person’s appearance

- When you visit someone’s house for the first time

- When other people do their best

Kinds of compliment expressions are :

- What a nice dress!

- You look great

- I really must express my admiration for you dance

- Excellent!

- Nice work

- Good Job

(: gratitude :)

 

Do you know what it is Gratitude?

1 .Gratitude
Gratitude is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people, when speaking English, you say “thanks” very often please say “thank you” when people give you something and give you compliment, etc.

jadi , gratitude adalah sebuah ekspresi yang kita menunjukkan atau mengatakan untuk mengekspresikanperasaan berterima kasih kepada orang lain, ketika berbicara bahasa Inggris, Anda mengatakan "terima kasih" sangat sering silahkan mengucapkan "terima kasih" ketika orang memberikan sesuatu dan memberikanpujian, dll
gratitude expressions are :
- Thank you very much
- Thank you for you help
- I’m really very grateful to you
- You’re welcome
- I want to express my gratitude to (my teacher, my father, my mother ,etc)

Respond of expressing :
-You are welcome
-It was nothing at all
-No problem
- I am glad I could help

(: Welcome to my english primbon edition 2 :)

Hi Guys ... :-)

welcome to my english primbon edition 2 :)

In here, we will discuss about the matter more and more attractive in semester 2 ....

don't miss out and thanks for visiting my blog ..

God Bless You :-)

(: Advertisement :)

Advertisement is an information for persuading and motivating people so that they will attract to the service and the things that are offered or informed.

FUNCTION OF ADVERTISEMENT :
►PROMOTION
►COMMUNICATION
►INFORMATION


Commercial Advertising
Commercial advertising media can include wall paintings, billboards, street furniture components, printed flyers and rack cards, radio, cinema and television ads, web banners, mobile telephone screens, shopping carts, web popups, skywriting, bus stop benches,, magazines, newspapers, posters, and the backs of event tickets and supermarket receipts. Any place an "identified" sponsor pays to deliver their message through a medium is commercial advertising.
Covert Advertising
Covert advertising is when a product or brand is embedded in entertainment and media. For example, in a film, the main character can use an item or other of a definite brand, as in the movie Minority Report, where Tom Cruise's character John Anderton owns a phone with the Nokia logo clearly written in the top corner, or his watch engraved with the Bulgari logo.
IN MAKING ADVERTISEMENT
Keep the following of Advertisement :
1. Language of Advertisement :
G Using the correct or suitable words.
A Using the interesting and suggestive expressions.
B Text or Advertisement should be directed to the goals.

2. Content of Advertisement :
G Objective and honest.
A Brief and Clear.
B Not Allude group or other producer.
Kinds of Advertisement
1. Family Advertisement
2. Invitation Advertisement
3. Sponsored Advertisement
4. Requested Advertisement
5. News Advertisement
6. Announcement Advertisement
7. Goods Advertisement
8. Merit Advertisement

(: Perfect Tense :)

PERFECT TENSE : PPT

Use the present perfect tense when :
> Something happened in the past, and
> The result of happening is still there.

Example :
1. I have closed the window
(The result : The window is still close)
2. Indah has gone to America.
(The result : Indah is still in America)



This is different from the simple past tense :
1. I closed the window
(The result : You don't know if the window still closed or not)
2. Indah went ti America.
(The result : She is no longer in America)

*The Affirmative form
Pattern : S + Auxiliary Verb (Have/Has) + past participle + ....
Example :
1. He has bought a car here (He has the car)
2. I lived in Japan (I know Japan)

This tense often uses "for" and "since" especially to express the continuing events (peristiwa yang masih berlanjut)
Example :
1. I have been here for 15 minutes
2. I have been here since 9 O'clock

Contraction of 's may be confusing sometimes.
It can come from verb be (is) or the auxilliary has. But you can understand it from the context. The key are :
>The contraction of 's from the auxulliary verb has when it is followed by past particple.
>The contraction of 's from the verb be (is) when it is followed by nouns, adjective, or V-ing.

Example :
1.She's borrowed my book.
(Auxulliary has)
2.She's listening to music.
(verb be)


*The negative form
Pattern : S + Auxilliary Verb (Have/has) + not + Past Participle + ....
Example :
1.Susi has not gone to the movie.
2.He has not finished repairing the radio.

*The interrogative form
Pattern : Auxilliary (Have/has) + S + Past Participle + ... + ?
Example :
1.Has Nina finisher his homework ?
2.Have students done their assignments ?

The present perfect tense often uses adverb "just, ever, never, and already", especially to express the speaker's experiences or new information.
(Note : never = not ever)

Example :
(+) We have just lived in Japan
( -) We have not just lived in Japan
(?) Have we just lived in Japan ?

PAST PERFECT TENSE

Past perfect tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an Action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed of finished certain time in the past too; or past perfect tense is used to Express an Action or an event that had happened before that other event or action happened.

Formula of Verbal Sentence
+ SUBJECT + HAD + V3
- SUBJECT + HAD + NOT + V3
? HAD + SUBJECT + V3?

Example:
+ She had slept when I came last night.
- She had not slept when I came last night.
? Had she slept when I came last night?

Formula of Nominal Sentence
+ SUBJECT + HAD + BEEN+ NON VERB
- SUBJECT + HAD +NOT + BEEN+ NON VERB
? HAD + SUBJECT + BEEN+ NON VERB?

Example:
+ I had been there when the accident hapenned.
- I had not been Three when the accident hapenned.
? Had had been there when the accident hapenned?

I had = I’d
You had = You’d
We had = We’d
They had = they’d
He had = he’d
She had = She’d
It had = It’d

 

it's a picture of shapes :)

 Octagon : segi delapan
Parallelogram :jajaran genjang
Trapezoid : trapesium
Square : persegi
Triangle : segitiga
Rectangle :persegi panjang
Cube : kubus
Pentagon : segi lima
Circle : Lingkaran
Oval : lonjong oval
Cylinder : tabung

 

it's a picture of shapes :)

 Octagon : segi delapan
Parallelogram :jajaran genjang
Trapezoid : trapesium
Square : persegi
Triangle : segitiga
Rectangle :persegi panjang
Cube : kubus
Pentagon : segi lima
Circle : Lingkaran
Oval : lonjong oval
Cylinder : tabung

Definition

The simple present tense is used to indicate a situation right now at the moment of speaking.
 

jadi , definisinya adalah present tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan situasi sekarang pada saat berbicara.
<< Notes >>

• The simple present says something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future.
• It is used for general statement of fact.
• The simple present tense is used for habitual or everyday activity.

Definition

The simple present tense is used to indicate a situation right now at the moment of speaking.
 

jadi , definisinya adalah present tense digunakan untuk menunjukkan situasi sekarang pada saat berbicara.
<< Notes >>

• The simple present says something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future.
• It is used for general statement of fact.
• The simple present tense is used for habitual or everyday activity.

Past Tense ,

used to talk about an action that happened in the past .

jadi , past tense digunakan untuk berbicara tentang suatu tindakan yang terjadi di masa lalu.

Simple past tense also used to tell a story .(digunakan untuk bercerita )

The time  signals that indicate such happening are yesterday , this morning just now , a few minute ago , long time ago , and last .

Sinyal waktu yang mengindikasikan terjadi tersebut kemarin, pagi ini baru saja, beberapa menit lalu, waktu lama, dan terakhir.

Past Tense ,

used to talk about an action that happened in the past .

jadi , past tense digunakan untuk berbicara tentang suatu tindakan yang terjadi di masa lalu.

Simple past tense also used to tell a story .(digunakan untuk bercerita )

The time  signals that indicate such happening are yesterday , this morning just now , a few minute ago , long time ago , and last .

Sinyal waktu yang mengindikasikan terjadi tersebut kemarin, pagi ini baru saja, beberapa menit lalu, waktu lama, dan terakhir.

Recount text is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

The generic structures of recount text are :

Orientation : ( it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)

Events : (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)

Re-orientation : (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident)

Characteristic of Recount Text :

Use of simple past tense

Use of temporal conjunctions (when, after, before, next, later, then)

Use of personal pronoun (I, we)

Recount text is a text that is used to retell events for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

The generic structures of recount text are :

Orientation : ( it gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved, where it happened, when it happened)

Events : (a series of events, ordered in a chronological sequence)

Re-orientation : (restates the writer’s opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident)

Characteristic of Recount Text :

Use of simple past tense

Use of temporal conjunctions (when, after, before, next, later, then)

Use of personal pronoun (I, we)